just precisely how bad was 1500s jerusalem at making maps, you ask? well,
this…is a fidget spinner
Reblog if you believe in fidget spinner earth.
Ok so a couple of really important things for understanding what’s going on with this map. First, it’s not from 1500s Jerusalem. This is the Bünting Clover Leaf Map from 1581 Hanover, Germany. This turns out to be super important for understanding the map. Why? Because it was made by a Christian.
This is a stylized map. It’s derived from a very popular kind of map called a “T and O map”, which first are found in Iberia around ~600 CE and then became very popular in Europe. Here’s an early one (12th century edition of a 7th century book describing them):
A larger, later, and more detailed one (1300):
And a modern map with the outlines of the T-and-O superimposed:
So what is a T and O map? They were a way to conceptualize the world. Pre-1492, conventional wisdom was that there were three continents: Europe, Asia, and Africa. Asia was the largest and went at the top, with Europe to the bottom left and Africa to the bottom right. The shaft of the T was the Mediterranean, the left side of the crossbar was the Don River, and the right was the Nile River. And at the center? Jerusalem.
Here’s the thing: For most of human history, most people haven’t needed maps to get around. They were either travelling between locations they or someone in their party knew, or they were moving slowly enough (i.e. on foot or by cart) to be able to stop and ask directions. So maps weren’t navigation–they were either for education (Ptolemy’s 2nd cent CE description of the world, which was turned into many, many maps in the Middle Ages) or, far more common, for religious symbolism. Between ~500 and ~1700, the purpose of most maps was to show Christians their place in the world. T and O maps put Jerusalem at the center because it was where Jesus was crucified, and they put Asia at the top because that was where it was believed the Garden of Eden was located.
8th century T and O map from Italy. Adam and Eve are visible in the center top:
The really interesting thing about T and O maps, imo, is that they’re deliberately not accurate. People were certainly capable of making recognizable maps of the world, but they were choosing to go with this more stylized version.
1482 world map based on Ptolemy’s writings:
T and O maps, then, are deliberate. They include only what the map maker thought was important, and that is almost always a religious function.
Our modern maps, meanwhile, evolved out of a combination between the Ptolemaic maps and portolan charts. Portolan charts are navigational maps. They frequently only featured the coastline and ports, but overlaying the map is a set of rhumb lines, or paths with constant bearing with respect to true north.
One of the earliest surviving portolan charts, from 1325 Italy:
Portolan charts, by modern standards, are vastly more accurate than T and O maps, and are visibly a better representation of the Earth than a Ptolemaic map. But from the concerns of a medieval cartographer, they’re very bland and boring. There’s no representation here of important cities, religious locations, or classical allusions. It’s just a map of coastlines.
Back to the Clover Leaf map. In 1492, Columbus changed (among other things) map making. The assumption until 1498 (when it became apparent that this was not Asia and it was not a minor collection of outlying islands) was that the world had three continents–at least three accessible to human explorers. After 1500, mapmakers engaged in a race–sometimes a war–to represent the new discoveries first and most accurately. The result was a series of increasingly recognizable world maps.
There are a ton, and thanks to that and (mostly) accurate records about who went where when, you can start to date post-1492 maps based on what areas of the world they do or do not show. But the most relevant one for this post is this one:
This is a 1582 world map, which depicts a reasonably accurate Europe, Africa (including Madagascar, discovered by Europeans in 1500), and most of Asia. Japan is still difficult, as is southeast Asia; Australia is missing entirely. Over in the Americas, while most of South America is decent, North America has some struggles in the northern and western regions. Baja California is an island and everywhere north of that is missing entirely. In the south, there’s hints that the cartographer was thinking about Terra Australis Incognita–a long theorized ‘counterweight’ to the Northern Hemisphere continents. In the 1500s, various voyages attributed Tierra del Fuego, Indonesia, and Australia to the continent. Its relationship to Antarctica seems to be completely coincidental.
This is a pretty typical late 1500s map.
It’s drawn by the same cartographer as the Clover Leaf map.
Heinrich Bünting wrote a book, called Itinerarium Sacrae Scripturae (Itinerary of Sacred Scripture), in which both maps are featured, along with many, many others. The book uses current knowledge along with the Bible to talk extensively about the Holy Land–which explains why Bünting put such an allegorical map in his book to begin with.
The Bünting Clover Leaf map isn’t an accurate representation of the world–but it does show a 16th century audience how the world was constructed in medieval theology.
This is all utterly fantastic work on T-maps. I can add one tiny tidbit: not only could Bünting draw a reasonably accurate world map if he felt like it, but also, the reason his fidget spinner map isn’t quite the standard medieval T-map shape is because he was being clever. The caption across the top, translated:
“The whole world in a cloverleaf, which is the crest of the city of Hanover, my beloved fatherland.”
This sounds like a shitpost but people should be allowed to be horny. As in, sexuality is just part of life for most people and there’s no reason for consensual sexual behavior to be punished. A celebrity getting “caught” at a sex club shouldn’t be a scandal. No one should be fired for having a fetlife profile outside of work. Nudes getting leaked shouldn’t be career-ending. Denying and hiding (consensual) sexual interests doesn’t make anyone more professional, it just makes everyone more repressed. And sterilizing ourselves to be better work drones isn’t productive, it’s just creepy. I’d rather my surgeon get absolutely railed on camera and come to work in a good mood, frankly.
12 frames of animation I made using knitting! I spent a long time on this and I’m so pleased with the results, really looking forward to trying more ‘yarnimation’ in the future. Process video out now too! 🐑
“Stop motion animation doesn’t take long enough already, let’s add textile arts.”
[video description: an animation in yarn of a row of sheep all jumping over a fence in a grassy field. /end description]
THE EARTH IS THE MOON AND THE MOON IS THE EARTH AND WE ARE ACTUALLY MOON-MEN, STARING AT A MIRROR OF OUR OWN PLANET!!!! WHY DID THEY DO THIS?? I HAVE A FEW ANSWERS:
WE NEED TO BREAK THE SPHERE AND KILL THE GOD OF THE COMPUTER. WE NEED TO LEARN HIS NAME AND SPEAK TO HIM THROUGH HIS SYSTEM!!!!
Ok.
Actually I thought about it a little longer and changed my mind. The Earth is normal.
It also has swappable casings and one of them is one of those translucent atomic purple casings but I realised i dont even know where to start drawing that :pensive:
If you catch a linguistics student bent over a book of strange symbols, holding their throat in one hand and making a bunch of strange, disconnected sounds, leave them alone!! They’re studying
I think this is just a trend everywhere but I’ve been very frustrated this week by how much admin work is being outsourced to me as the patient/customer.
My orthodontist tells me I can make an appointment with the surgeon. I call the surgeon. They tell me I need a new referral. I call the orthodontist. They do a referral. I call the surgeon. Referral didn’t come through. They tell me about their special unique system we have to use. I call the ortho again and walk them through the referral. I call the surgeon. They say the referral was missing some details so they have to do it again. I call the ortho.
The insurance company calls me about repair shops. I give them the name of the repair shop which I already gave them yesterday. They say they’re not in their system but I can use them, but I have to call the repair shop to ask them to contact the insurance company. I call the repair shop and they say the insurance company is supposed to email them.
I feel like at a certain point these constant fetch quests become unreasonable?? Is it too much to expect these groups to communicate with each other instead of making me run back and forth between them???
Made this post and then the new property manager (who started on Monday and only finally emailed us today because I sent a vaguely professionally hostile email to her boss because I hadn’t heard anything and was not convinced she existed) asked for a list of open action items which her predecessor should have had but apparently wasn’t keeping track of, which I learned when I met her boss and provided her with the list of open action items, which I guess tragically died in a fire in the last 2 weeks since she was sitting at my kitchen table, being menaced by the skull. How many people’s jobs am I doing now
I think this is just a trend everywhere but I’ve been very frustrated this week by how much admin work is being outsourced to me as the patient/customer.
My orthodontist tells me I can make an appointment with the surgeon. I call the surgeon. They tell me I need a new referral. I call the orthodontist. They do a referral. I call the surgeon. Referral didn’t come through. They tell me about their special unique system we have to use. I call the ortho again and walk them through the referral. I call the surgeon. They say the referral was missing some details so they have to do it again. I call the ortho.
The insurance company calls me about repair shops. I give them the name of the repair shop which I already gave them yesterday. They say they’re not in their system but I can use them, but I have to call the repair shop to ask them to contact the insurance company. I call the repair shop and they say the insurance company is supposed to email them.
I feel like at a certain point these constant fetch quests become unreasonable?? Is it too much to expect these groups to communicate with each other instead of making me run back and forth between them???
Made this post and then the new property manager (who started on Monday and only finally emailed us today because I sent a vaguely professionally hostile email to her boss because I hadn’t heard anything and was not convinced she existed) asked for a list of open action items which her predecessor should have had but apparently wasn’t keeping track of, which I learned when I met her boss and provided her with the list of open action items, which I guess tragically died in a fire in the last 2 weeks since she was sitting at my kitchen table, being menaced by the skull. How many people’s jobs am I doing now
I think this is just a trend everywhere but I’ve been very frustrated this week by how much admin work is being outsourced to me as the patient/customer.
My orthodontist tells me I can make an appointment with the surgeon. I call the surgeon. They tell me I need a new referral. I call the orthodontist. They do a referral. I call the surgeon. Referral didn’t come through. They tell me about their special unique system we have to use. I call the ortho again and walk them through the referral. I call the surgeon. They say the referral was missing some details so they have to do it again. I call the ortho.
The insurance company calls me about repair shops. I give them the name of the repair shop which I already gave them yesterday. They say they’re not in their system but I can use them, but I have to call the repair shop to ask them to contact the insurance company. I call the repair shop and they say the insurance company is supposed to email them.
I feel like at a certain point these constant fetch quests become unreasonable?? Is it too much to expect these groups to communicate with each other instead of making me run back and forth between them???
Made this post and then the new property manager (who started on Monday and only finally emailed us today because I sent a vaguely professionally hostile email to her boss because I hadn’t heard anything and was not convinced she existed) asked for a list of open action items which her predecessor should have had but apparently wasn’t keeping track of, which I learned when I met her boss and provided her with the list of open action items, which I guess tragically died in a fire in the last 2 weeks since she was sitting at my kitchen table, being menaced by the skull. How many people’s jobs am I doing now
I think this is just a trend everywhere but I’ve been very frustrated this week by how much admin work is being outsourced to me as the patient/customer.
My orthodontist tells me I can make an appointment with the surgeon. I call the surgeon. They tell me I need a new referral. I call the orthodontist. They do a referral. I call the surgeon. Referral didn’t come through. They tell me about their special unique system we have to use. I call the ortho again and walk them through the referral. I call the surgeon. They say the referral was missing some details so they have to do it again. I call the ortho.
The insurance company calls me about repair shops. I give them the name of the repair shop which I already gave them yesterday. They say they’re not in their system but I can use them, but I have to call the repair shop to ask them to contact the insurance company. I call the repair shop and they say the insurance company is supposed to email them.
I feel like at a certain point these constant fetch quests become unreasonable?? Is it too much to expect these groups to communicate with each other instead of making me run back and forth between them???
Made this post and then the new property manager (who started on Monday and only finally emailed us today because I sent a vaguely professionally hostile email to her boss because I hadn’t heard anything and was not convinced she existed) asked for a list of open action items which her predecessor should have had but apparently wasn’t keeping track of, which I learned when I met her boss and provided her with the list of open action items, which I guess tragically died in a fire in the last 2 weeks since she was sitting at my kitchen table, being menaced by the skull. How many people’s jobs am I doing now
i just think i should have the power to control thousands of knives, swords, or perhaps shards of glass synchronously with my mind. i will use this ability purely for culinary endeavors. you can trust me
I completely believe you
thank you for your trust 🙏☺️ 1000 blades vortex attack
Wow you sure diced those onions so fast! Now I can do the rest of the prep without worrying about it, thank you!
i just know i can be the best sous chef in all San Bernardino
I don’t know Chinese economics around buying a car, is 90,000 yeun (about 12.5k USD) a down payment or a full purchase?
Well I don’t know if that’s a fancy model or something cheap, but there are absolutely totally okay budget models at that price point. Considering the “EV price war” there are now okay small cars under 80000 yuan.
Also, down payment? How much do cars cost where you are that that’s not more than half the price of a new one?
My car was 3 years old and used when I got it for 15,000 USD, even decade older cars these days still cost a few thousand usually.
Idk about you but that’s not a small amount of money, so car loans are a thing and often require down payments. For my car I had a down payment of 3,000 and a five year loan to pay off the rest. For a new car in America most cost between 25,000-50,000 USD so a bigger down payment helps reduce the interest on the loan.
I don’t know how you’d buy even a used car without a loan, I don’t have a lot of money in my bank account to straight up buy a new car, so if I can put down a larger down payment I can pay less in the long run because of interest rates. If a new or used car costs more than 20,000 a down payment of ~12,500 covers around half and is something some people could do upfront to save money long term. So asking if this was the full price or a down payment seems very reasonable to me based on living in America and making ~25,000/yr knowing people who are in a higher wage bracket could put down a larger down payment to save money in the long run. Plus sometimes you can’t even get a loan without a large down payment
How much money do you make where this isn’t a concept you have to deal with? Or have you just never had to make a large purchase that will put you into debt for years?
10K euros ($11K) is the average yearly wage where I’m from, though my household earns somewhat more than that, and here we generally save money for anything that’s not a house instead of getting loans. I don’t know anyone who actually uses a credit card, for example, just debit ones.
I have seen this post probably at least 20 times courtesy of @lukadjo, each time passing over it thoughtlessly and only now do I process the bizarreness of it
Hi again lukadjo
It’s me??? On my dashboard??? Sorcery is undoubtedly at play
Hi again lukadjo
the meaning of this post has once again eclipsed itself. “my Nice!” is now, again, meaningless to me, and the post is now merely “Hi again Lukadjo”
i think this is what they did to people in MKUltra
Creatures of this hellsite (/aff), I have an announcement to make.
No not related to Shadow the Hedgehog, so sadly no Snapcube reference this time folks.
No no, I’m here to discuss the site that goes hand in hand with this one, Archive of Our Own, lovingly dubbed Ao3.
We all know the familiar blinding white that you see upon opening the site, the scarlet accents doing little to soothe the brightness of its worn walls.
Be blinded no longer friends, for there is an ailment for it.
After one quick google search (that I’m admittedly ashamed for not doing sooner), what we seek to escape the pain that is caused to our eyes is indeed real:
ALT
“Yes, AO3 (Archive of Our Own) does have a dark mode, which is accessed by selecting the ”Reversi“ skin option at the bottom of any page on the site; essentially, choosing this skin activates a dark mode theme on the platform.
Key points about AO3 dark mode:
• Access: Scroll to the bottom of any AO3 page and look for the ”Customize“ section, then select ”Reversi“.
• Skin name: ”Reversi“ is the designated skin name for the dark mode on AO3.”
That’s right friends, this is very real. Google it yourself if you don’t believe me.
Additionally, if you do as such, this is what thee shall see (minus my lovingly added annotations, of course):
ALT
Under the “Customize” field, you will see 4 hyperlinks:
Default - The usual theme everybody knows
Low Vision Default - DO NOT use this (in my opinion), it changes the whole layout and it sucks (again in my opinion)
🌟 “Reversi” - DARK MODE! (MY BELOVED HOW I CHERISH THEE)
Snow Blue - Default but make the red blue
If that doesn’t convince you, here’s what the “Reversi” dark mode theme looks like on Archive of Our Own dot com:
ALT
Good news, isn’t it?
An additional note, if you would like to reblog and/or comment with any images ids/descriptions, that would be lovely! Please do tag me if you do so, I’d love to update the alt text on the images here!! (You all will probably have better ones to offer than my poor… attempt.)
As per usual around here, any reblogs are appreciated and encouraged! Spread the word!!!
Real quick before I leave you to it though,
CREDIT TO MY BEST FRIEND@c4ptur3r FOR TELLING ME ABOUT THIS!
YOU’RE THE BEST AND AN ACUTAL LIFESAVER I CANNOT THANK YOU ENOUGH
Now that all that is said and done, do with this what you will. Happy reading! :)
gonna tag my mooties under the cut for reach, the post is over now shoo go away
Don’t worry Dipper’s there! he was just getting them snacks <3 (He didn’t have the heart to ask Ford to pause.)
ALT
Dipper absolutely tries to do the obligatory ‘he broke his toe here’ bit. (Ford let’s Dipper explain it on their rewatch. But first watch is for maximum focus)
ALT
I fear I may be cooking here- Family Movie Night!
They join part way through the watch marathon but before long Stan has conked out. Mabel is more invested and a pro at grabbing new snacks
I have seen this post probably at least 20 times courtesy of @lukadjo, each time passing over it thoughtlessly and only now do I process the bizarreness of it
Hi again lukadjo
It’s me??? On my dashboard??? Sorcery is undoubtedly at play
Hi again lukadjo
the meaning of this post has once again eclipsed itself. “my Nice!” is now, again, meaningless to me, and the post is now merely “Hi again Lukadjo”
i think this is what they did to people in MKUltra
Yo, correct me if I am wrong please, but didn’t Hitler rise to power because he promised to fix the German economy and people really liked that so they looked past everything else he was doing??? Like exactly what’s happening in America right now???
So many people said they voted for Trump, put a truly evil person in power, because he said he’d fix the economy, and a little voice in my head is going, “Isn’t that what happened with fucking Hitler??”
But I’ve seen no one point that out so maybe I’m miss remembering???????
Hitler actually did tariffs as well! He had very similar ultranationalist economic policies as trump, such as self-sufficiency, tariffs, allowing cartels and monopolies to rein supreme at the expense of small businesses. Though, Hitler had a larger emphasis on slave labor that was supplied by the concentration camps and the incarcerated population. The United States does use its prisoners for what basically amounts to slave labor, though, but not nearly at those levels.
Hitler, also worked with big technology names like SiemensVolkswagen and Philips, though Volkswagen was founded during his reign.
But Hitler and his advisors weren’t that dumb, so they used price controls, wage controls, rent controls, etc. To keep things in check.
Oh, and Hitler totally ruined the German economy, btw
So in the end, it seems he wizened up a bit and didn’t actually go through with it. Seems he doesn’t want to be the President overseeing the worst inflation price gouging in American history.
ALT
(Scenario 1 is his promises, Scenario 2 is what he actually ordered to be done.)
I mean, it’s still going to be horrible, horrifying that he is targeting US America’s closest neighbors really, but not nearly at the economy shattering levels that he promised.
Mephistopheles and Margaretta, A Double Statue - medium: sculpture, sycamore wood, sculptor unknown, 19th century. Currently located in the Salar Jung Museum in Hyderabad, India.
i’ve reblogged posts featuring these two separately, but they go great together
If Sherlock Holmes was Isekai’d to a fantasy world he would just deduce the rules of this world and get back to solving crimes. He’ll find an elf girl sidekick,name her Watson, and pretend like nothing happened.
“If you look closely, you can see traces of chalk dust on the floor. Our murderer must have used a magic circle to kill our victim.”
“Actually Holmes, this looks like salt. Quite unusual for a magic circle, since it can be scattered so easily…”
“It tastes like salt too. Good eye Watson. Let us start by visiting the fish mongers.”
“Well I would enjoy some fried dragonfish, but how does this help our investigation?”
“A process of elimination, my long-eared friend. There’re only two ways for the culprit to get salt in the city. They could have brought it in themselves-”
“But then they’d have to pay the tarrif!”
“Very astute! No, a much likelier option is that they bought it here. Either the docks or the meat market would be the place. And I have a hunch that our culprit is fishy in more ways than one.”
“But Holmes, how did you know the merfolk ambassador was the killer?”
“An excellent question, the key was the footprints.”
“But he doesn’t even have feet!”
“He doesn’t as of right now. But you forget, the magic circle.”
“I see! The killing spell was a water spear, which normally requires a circle.”
“But doesn’t if you’re already imbued with water magic like our scaly ambassador.”
“So the circle…”
“To grant him a pair of feet. For just long enough to leave distinctive footprints in the scattered salt and to make us suspect a two-legged killer.”
through pure random chance someone said “jerma rip your shirt open” and he said no i like this shirt. let me put one over it and rip that instead. and he gave the nation of mexico an eternal gift
Mephistopheles and Margaretta, A Double Statue - medium: sculpture, sycamore wood, sculptor unknown, 19th century. Currently located in the Salar Jung Museum in Hyderabad, India.
i’ve reblogged posts featuring these two separately, but they go great together